![]() X-height – The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders. Terminal – The end of a stroke not terminated with a serif. Tail – The descender of a Q or short diagonal stroke of an R. There are curved bowls on lowercase b, d, g, p and q. Parts of lowercase g, j, p, q and y descend or drop down while b, d, f, h, I, k, l and t ascend or rise. Different letters are made up of different shapes: An uppercase A has a cross bar, so has H. Swash – A fancy flourish replacing a terminal or serif. The letter ‘A’, illustration for ‘De Divina Proportione’ Luca Pacioli. Stress – The direction of thickening in a curved stroke. The point formed at the top of a character such as A, where the left and right strokes meet. Stem – A straight vertical stroke (or the main straight diagonal stroke in a letter which has no verticals). ![]() Spur – A small projection off a main stroke found on many capital Gs. Shoulder – The curved stroke of the h, m, n. Unbracketed serifs are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles. Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed. ![]() Serif – The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Loop – The lower portion of the lowercase g. Link – The stroke that connects the top and bottom part (bowl and loop) of a two–story lowercase g. Ascender – The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.īar – The horizontal stroke in characters such as A, H, R, e, and f.īowl – A curved stroke which creates an enclosed space within a character (the space is then called a counter).Ĭap Height – The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).Ĭounter – The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.ĭescender – The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and sometimes J) that descends below the baseline.Įar – The small stroke that projects from the top of the lowercase g. Lupton’s Thinking With Type: Anatomy of a LetterĮxcellent resource by Ligature, Loop and StemĪrm/leg – An upper or lower (horizontal or diagonal) stroke that is attached on one end and free on the other. Studying for midterm test? Start here: Typography Deconstructed
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